In 1876, Gast transcribed the crabbed, nearly illegible handwriting of Nietzsche's first time with Richard Wagner in Bayreuth. This letter contains the following statement: Hence the ways of men part: if you wish to strive for peace of soul and pleasure, then believe; if you wish to be a devotee of truth, then inquire....[64]. [93] In 1883, while staying in Nice, he was writing out his own prescriptions for the sedative chloral hydrate, signing them "Dr. Dalla nascita della tragedia all'eterno ritorno dell'uguale, in pochi minuti sarai in grado di apprendere la filosofia di questo autore ostico per certi aspetti. [132] The official revocation of his citizenship came in a document dated 17 April 1869,[133] and for the rest of his life he remained officially stateless. [52] At Schulpforta, Nietzsche received an important grounding in languages—Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and French—so as to be able to read important primary sources;[55] he also experienced for the first time being away from his family life in a small-town conservative environment. "Quale luogo spaventevole ha saputo fare della terra il cristianesimo, già per il solo fatto di aver collocato ovunque il crocifisso, e per aver in tal modo designato la terra come il luogo in cui «il giusto viene martirizzato a morte»!" After graduation in September 1864,[60] Nietzsche began studying theology and classical philology at the University of Bonn in the hope of becoming a minister. [202], Nietzsche felt that modern antisemitism was "despicable" and contrary to European ideals. [111], In 1893, Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth returned from Nueva Germania in Paraguay following the suicide of her husband. In presenting his theory of human behavior, Nietzsche also addressed and attacked concepts from philosophies then popularly embraced, such as Schopenhauer's notion of an aimless will or that of utilitarianism. [228][229][230][231] Writing about nihilism in Also Sprach Zarathustra, Nietzsche introduced a value-creating Übermensch, not as a project, but as an anti-project, the absence of any project. A laughing stock or painful embarrassment. [139], It is not known why Nietzsche wanted to be thought of as Polish nobility. Nietzsche asked Rée to propose marriage to Salomé, which she rejected. The Wagners brought Nietzsche into their most intimate circle—including Franz Liszt, of whom Nietzsche colloquially described: "Liszt or the art of running after women! Since his childhood, various disruptive illnesses had plagued him, including moments of shortsightedness that left him nearly blind, migraine headaches, and violent indigestion. Whether you've loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. [2] Nietzsche resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life; he completed much of his core writing in the following decade. "Anti-Statism in German Literature, as Exemplified by the Work of John Henry Mackay. She edited his unpublished writings to fit her German ultranationalist ideology while often contradicting or obfuscating Nietzsche's stated opinions, which were explicitly opposed to antisemitism and nationalism. 1941. (...) Nietzsche also used his psychological analyses to support original theories about the nature of the self and provocative proposals suggesting new values that he thought would promote cultural renewal and improve social and psychological life by comparison to life under the traditional values he criticized. Marburg: Tectum Verlag 2013. Richard Nixon read Nietzsche with "curious interest", and his book Beyond Peace might have taken its title from Nietzsche's book Beyond Good and Evil which Nixon read beforehand. Value emerges from the contrast between good and evil: good being associated with other-worldliness, charity, piety, restraint, meekness, and submission; while evil is worldly, cruel, selfish, wealthy, and aggressive. It was used to overcome the slave's sense of inferiority before their (better-off) masters. Schopenhauer's doctrine—which Nietzsche also referred to as Western Buddhism—advocates separating oneself from will and desires to reduce suffering. "[92] In later recriminations, Nietzsche would blame on separate occasions the failure in his attempts to woo Salomé on Salomé, Rée, and on the intrigues of his sister (who had written letters to the families of Salomé and Rée to disrupt the plans for the commune). He also shared Nietzsche's view of tragedy. In 1887, Nietzsche wrote the polemic On the Genealogy of Morality. [324] Georg Simmel compares Nietzsche's importance to ethics to that of Copernicus for cosmology. [107], On 6 January 1889, Burckhardt showed the letter he had received from Nietzsche to Overbeck. However, eminent Nietzsche scholar Walter Kaufmann rejected this interpretation, writing that Nietzsche's analyses of these two types of morality were used only in a descriptive and historic sense; they were not meant for any kind of acceptance or glorification. Many political leaders of the twentieth century were at least superficially familiar with Nietzsche's ideas, although it is not always possible to determine whether they actually read his work. Pérez, Rolando. It is a consequence of overcoming hurdles to one's actions and the fulfillment of the will. [77] Walter Kaufmann speculates that he might also have contracted syphilis at a brothel along with his other infections at this time. [154], Other scholars have argued that Köhler's sexuality-based interpretation is not helpful in understanding Nietzsche's philosophy. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche; 15. oktobar 1844 — 25. avgust 1900) radikalni nemački filozof-pesnik, jedan od najvećih modernih mislilaca i jedan od najžešćih kritičara zapadne kulture i hrišćanstva. Nietzsche. And man shall be that to overman: a laughing stock or painful embarrassment. He overestimated the increasing response to his writings, however, especially to the recent polemic, The Case of Wagner. In response, Rohde (then a professor in Kiel) and Wagner came to Nietzsche's defense. Так говорил Заратустра (с репродукциями картин Л. Хейдиз из цикла "Так говорил Заратустра" )", "Postomodern considerations of Nietzschean perspectivism", "Jung's Reception of Friedrich Nietzsche: A Roadmap for the Uninitiated by Dr. Ritske Rensma", Public Opinions, Private Laziness: The Epistemological Break in Nietzsche, https://web.archive.org/web/20140924114053/http://www.ehumanista.ucsb.edu/eHumanista%20IVITRA/Volume%205/Volum%20Regular/7_Perez.pdf, "In defence of slavery: Nietzsche's Dangerous Thinking", Entry on Nietzsche at the Encyclopædia Britannica, Publications by and about Friedrich Nietzsche, "Nietzsche's Moral and Political Philosophy", Nietzsche Source: Digital version of the German critical edition of the complete works and Digital facsimile edition of the entire Nietzsche estate, Lexido: Searchable Database index of Public Domain editions of all Nietzsche's major works, International Music Score Library Project, Prof. Nietzsche and the Crisis in Philosophy, Biographical Archive of Psychiatry (BIAPSY), Newspaper clippings about Friedrich Nietzsche, Nietzsche and the Postmodern Condition (1991), Relationship between religion and science, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&oldid=998418810, German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with incomplete citations from November 2012, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2019, Articles needing additional references from October 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links, Articles with International Music Score Library Project links, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "My life will recur in exactly identical fashion:" this expresses a totally, "My life may recur in exactly identical fashion:" This second view conditionally asserts. The Interior Life of Friedrich Nietzsche", "Who knew? Willing the eternal recurrence is presented as accepting the existence of the low while still recognizing it as the low, and thus as overcoming the spirit of gravity or asceticism. '"[225], Nietzsche suggests that the universe is recurring over infinite time and space and that different versions of events that have occurred in the past may take place again, hence "all configurations that have previously existed on this earth must yet meet". After the death of Franziska in 1897, Nietzsche lived in Weimar, where Elisabeth cared for him and allowed visitors, including Rudolf Steiner (who in 1895 had written Friedrich Nietzsche: a Fighter Against His Time, one of the first books praising Nietzsche),[112] to meet her uncommunicative brother. He went on to list the number of people Epicurus, for example, had to rely on to supply his simple diet of goat cheese.[86]. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books you've read. I teach you the overman. Through her published editions, Nietzsche's work became associated with fascism and Nazism;[48] 20th-century scholars contested this interpretation of his work and corrected editions of his writings were soon made available. [254] The essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson had a profound influence on Nietzsche, who "loved Emerson from first to last",[255] wrote "Never have I felt so much at home in a book", and called him "[the] author who has been richest in ideas in this century so far". "Genealogy and Jurisprudence: Nietzsche, Nihilism, and the Social Scientification of Law.". Many of these criticisms rely on psychological diagnoses that expose false consciousness infecting people’s received ideas; for that reason, he is often associated with a group of late modern thinkers (including Marx and Freud) who advanced a “hermeneutics of suspicion" against traditional values. In his short time in the military, he experienced much and witnessed the traumatic effects of battle. In 1872, Nietzsche published his first book, The Birth of Tragedy. "A thousand goals have there been so far", says Zarathustra, "for there are a thousand peoples. Friedrich Nietzsche, Complete Works Vol. German soldiers received copies of Thus Spoke Zarathustra as gifts during World War I. "[307] Israel Eldad, the ideological chief of the Stern Gang that fought the British in Palestine in the 1940s, wrote about Nietzsche in his underground newspaper and later translated most of Nietzsche's books into Hebrew. Yeats and Arthur Symons described Nietzsche as the intellectual heir to William Blake. "[81] Nietzsche enjoyed the attention he gave to the beginning of the Bayreuth Festival. [288] Wallace Stevens[289] was another reader of Nietzsche, and elements of Nietzsche's philosophy were found throughout Stevens's poetry collection Harmonium. *FREE* shipping on eligible orders. CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System. While Nietzsche attacked the principles of Judaism, he was not antisemitic: in his work On the Genealogy of Morality, he explicitly condemned antisemitism and pointed out that his attack on Judaism was not an attack on contemporary Jewish people but specifically an attack upon the ancient Jewish priesthood who he claimed antisemitic Christians paradoxically based their views upon. "[77] Nietzsche scholar Joachim Köhler [de] has attempted to explain Nietzsche's life history and philosophy by claiming that he was homosexual. They had two other children: a daughter, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, born in 1846; and a second son, Ludwig Joseph, born in 1848. "[260] While Nietzsche never mentions Max Stirner, the similarities in their ideas have prompted a minority of interpreters to suggest a relationship between the two. From November 1889 to February 1890, the art historian Julius Langbehn attempted to cure Nietzsche, claiming that the methods of the medical doctors were ineffective in treating Nietzsche's condition. This having to transform into perfection is—art. He cautioned, however, that morality, per se, is not bad; it is good for the masses and should be left to them. German conductor and pianist Hans von Bülow also described another of Nietzsche's pieces as "the most undelightful and the most antimusical draft on musical paper that I have faced in a long time. [226] With each repeat of events is the hope that some knowledge or awareness is gained to better the individual, hence "And thus it will happen one day that a man will be born again, just like me and a woman will be born, just like Mary—only that it is hoped to be that the head of this man may contain a little less foolishness...."[226]. "[149] The acquisition of the infection from a homosexual brothel was confirmed by Sigmund Freud, who cited Otto Binswanger as his source. La morte di Dio | Frederick Nietzsche | download | B–OK. On at least one occasion, on 23 February 1880, the usually poor Gast received 200 marks from their mutual friend, Paul Rée. Volume 5, 2014. ... All beings so far have created something beyond themselves; and do you want to be the ebb of this great flood, and even go back to the beasts rather than overcome man? sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche2001 (, Wahrig-Schmidt, B. [128][129][130] Germany had not yet been unified into a nation-state, but Nietzsche was born a citizen of Prussia, which was then part of the German Confederation. In its preface—which suggests Nietzsche was well aware of the interpretive difficulties his work would generate—he declares, "Hear me! [180] This view has acquired the name perspectivism. ", Forth, C. E. 1993. Nietzsche attended a boys' school and then a private school, where he became friends with Gustav Krug and Wilhelm Pinder, all three of whom came from highly respected families. For I am such and such a person. Media vita in morte sumus (Latin for "In the midst of life we are in death") is the first line of a Gregorian chant, written in the form of a response, and known as "Antiphona pro Peccatis" or "de Morte". Beginning with Human, All Too Human in 1878, Nietzsche published one book or major section of a book each year until 1888, his last year of writing; that year, he completed five. Apollo represents harmony, progress, clarity, logic and the principle of individuation, whereas Dionysus represents disorder, intoxication, emotion, ecstasy and unity (hence the omission of the principle of individuation). [90] Arriving in Leipzig, (Germany) in October, Salomé and Rée separated from Nietzsche after a falling-out between Nietzsche and Salomé, in which Salomé believed that Nietzsche was desperately in love with her. 115 letters 1874–1886 | Correspondences", "The lost 'Aryan utopia' of Nueva Germania", "Nietzsches Briefe. [83] Nietzsche occasionally returned to Naumburg to visit his family, and, especially during this time, he and his sister had repeated periods of conflict and reconciliation. He became the youngest person ever to hold the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel in 1869 at the age of 24. [65] There, he became close friends with his fellow student Erwin Rohde. Through her published editions, Nietzsche's work became associated with fascism and Nazism;[48] 20th-century scholars contested this interpretation, and corrected editions of his writings were soon made available. It is a purely physical concept, involving no supernatural reincarnation, but the return of beings in the same bodies. Now, with the new style of Zarathustra, his work became even more alienating, and the market received it only to the degree required by politeness. Nietzsche approached the problem of nihilism as a deeply personal one, stating that this problem of the modern world had "become conscious" in him. Even though the concept is famously related to The Birth of Tragedy, the poet Hölderlin had already spoken of it, and Winckelmann had talked of Bacchus. Nietzsche would ultimately argue the impossibility of an evolutionary explanation of the human aesthetic sense. Brobjer, Thomas. In 1883, he tried and failed to obtain a lecturing post at the University of Leipzig. Italiano; English; One of the keys to understanding the relationship between state and anarchy in Nietzsche’s thought is the antagonism between Apollo and Dionysus highlighted by the German philosopher in many passages of his early works, such as the Birth of Tragedy. ", Nietzsche, Friedrich. "[42], Nietzsche's writing spans philosophical polemics, poetry, cultural criticism, and fiction while displaying a fondness for aphorism and irony. He describes primordial unity as the increase of strength, the experience of fullness and plenitude bestowed by frenzy. [39] His body of work touched a wide range of topics, including art, philology, history, religion, tragedy, culture, and science, and drew early inspiration from figures such as philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer,[20] composer Richard Wagner,[20] and writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.